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Karl Ernst Haushofer (27 August 1869 – 10 March 1946) was a German general, geographer and geopolitician. Through his student Rudolf Hess, Haushofer's ideas influenced the development of Adolf Hitler's expansionist strategies, although Haushofer denied direct influence on the Nazi regime. Under the Nuremberg Laws, Haushofer's wife and children were categorized as ''mischlinge''. His son, Albrecht, was issued a German Blood Certificate through the help of Hess. ==Life and career== Haushofer belonged to a family of artists and scholars. He was born in Munich, Germany, to Max Haushofer, a professor of economics, and Frau Adele Haushofer (née Fraas). On his graduation from the Munich Gymnasium (high school), Haushofer contemplated an academic career. However, service with the Bavarian army proved so interesting that he stayed to work, with great success, as an instructor in military academies and on the general staff. In 1887, Haushofer entered the 1st Field Artillery regiment "Prinzregent Luitpold" and completed ''Kriegsschule'', ''Artillerieschule'' and ''War Academy (Kingdom of Bavaria)''. In 1896, he married Martha Mayer-Doss (1877–1946) whose father was Jewish. They had two sons, Albrecht Haushofer and Heinz Haushofer (1906–1988). Haushofer continued his career as a professional soldier, serving in the army of Imperial Germany, and rising through the Staff Corp by 1899. In 1903, he began teaching at the Bavarian ''War Academy''. In November 1908 the army sent him to Tokyo to study the Japanese army and to advise it as an artillery instructor. He travelled with his wife via India and South East Asia and arrived in February 1909. Haushofer was received by the Japanese emperor and became acquainted with many important people in politics and armed forces. In autumn 1909 he travelled with his wife for a month to Korea and Manchuria on the occasion of a railway construction. In June 1910 they returned to Germany via Russia and arrived one month later. Shortly afterwards he began to suffer from several severe diseases and was given a leave from the army for three years. From 1911 to 1913, Haushofer would work on his doctorate of philosophy from Munich University for a thesis on Japan titled ''Dai Nihon, Betrachtungen über Groß-Japans Wehrkraft, Weltstellung und Zukunft'' ("Reflections on Greater Japan's Military Strength, World Position, and Future"). By World War I he had attained the rank of General, and commanded a brigade on the western front. He became disillusioned after Germany's loss and severe sanctioning, retiring with the rank of Major General in 1919. At this time, he forged a friendship with the young Rudolf Hess who would become his scientific assistant. Haushofer entered academia with the aim of restoring and regenerating Germany. Haushofer believed the Germans' lack of geographical knowledge and geopolitical awareness was a major cause of Germany’s defeat in World War I, as Germany had found itself with a disadvantageous alignment of allies and enemies. The fields of political and geographical science thus became his areas of specialty. In 1919, Haushofer became Privatdozent for political geography at Munich University and in 1933 professor. Louis Pauwels, in his book ''Monsieur Gurdjieff'', describes Haushofer as a former student of George Gurdjieff. Others, including Pauwels, said that Haushofer created a Vril society; and that he was a secret member of the Thule Society.〔Pauwels, Louis and Bergier, Jacques. ''The Morning of the Magicians''. Avon Books, 1973〕 Stefan Zweig speaks warmly of him 〔Zweig, Stefan. ''The World of Yesterday'' New York: Viking, 1943〕 but says history will have to judge how far he knowingly contributed to Nazi doctrine as more documentation becomes available. Zweig credits him with the concept of Lebensraum, though used in a psychological sense of a nation's relative energies. After the establishment of the Nazi regime, Haushofer remained friendly with Rudolf Hess, who protected Haushofer and his wife from the racial laws of the Nazis, which deemed her a "half-Jew". During the pre-war years Haushofer was instrumental in linking Japan to the Axis powers, acting in accordance with the theories of his book ''Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean''. After the July 20 Plot to assassinate Hitler, Haushofer's son Albrecht (1903–1945) went into hiding but was arrested on 7 December 1944, and put into the Moabit prison in Berlin. During the night of 22–23 April 22, 1945, he and other selected prisoners, such as Klaus Bonhoeffer. were walked out of the prison by an SS-squad and shot. Beginning on 24 September 24, 1945, Karl Haushofer was informally interrogated by Father Edmund A. Walsh on behalf of the Allied forces to determine whether he should stand trial at Nuremberg for war crimes; Walsh deteremined that he had not committed any. On the night of 10–11 March 1946, he and his wife committed suicide in a secluded hollow on their Hartschimmelhof estate at Pähl/Ammersee. Both drank arsenic, and his wife then hanged herself while Haushofer was obviously too weak to do so.〔Walsh, Edmund A. ("The Mystery of Haushofer" ) ''Life'' (September 16, 1946) pp. 107–120〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karl Haushofer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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